16 BioProcess International Ju n e 2010 Contractor Responsibilities in Outsourced Pharmaceutical Quality Control Testing by Raymond W. Nims and Elizabeth Meyers FOCUS ON. OUTSOURCiNg P harmaceutical companies of all sizes outsource at least some quality control (QC) testing to contract analytical testing laboratories. Virtual and smaller. THENORTHSTARONLINE Document and Pdf Drive Online - Thank you for visiting the article Chemical And Bioprocess Control Solution Manual for free. Looking for ePub, PDF, Kindle, AudioBook for Chemical And Bioprocess Control Solution Manual? You can search for text by using the Search Chemical And Bioprocess Control Solution Manual PDF window. Bioprocess Control Sweden AB (BPC) is a privately held company based in Lund, Sweden. The company is a market leader in the area of advanced control technologies for the commercial biogas industry, providing technologies and services that support the efficient. Bioprocess Control Sweden AB Bioprocess Control Sweden AB (BPC) is a market leader in the area of gas flow analytical instruments for biotechnology related applications. The company was founded in 2006, and today brings to market almost 20 years of industry leading research and product development in the area of smart analytical instruments. Control chemical dosing and dispersement with Cosasco’s retractable chemical injection/sampling tube assemblies. In systems with pressures up to 1500 psi a retractable method of injection is preferred. The injection/sampling tube can be inserted into the precise location.
<ul><li><p>Michael L. Shuler/Fikret Kargi</p><p>BioprocessEngineeringBasic ConceptsSecond Edition</p><p>Prentice Hall International Seriesin the Physical and ChemicalEngineering Sciences</p></li><li><p>Contents</p><p>1.1. Introductory Remarks 11.2. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering 21.3. Biologists and Engineers Differ in Their Approach to Research 31.4. The Story of Penicillin: How Biologists and Engineers</p><p>Work Together 31.5. Bioprocesses: Regulatory Constraints 8Suggestions for Further Reading 10Problems 10</p><p>2.1 Are All Cells the Same? 112.1.1. Microbial Diversity, 11</p></li><li><p>2.1.2. Naming Cells, 122.1.3. Viruses, 142.1.4. Procaryotes, 152.1.5. Eucaryotes, 19</p><p>2.2. Cell Construction 252.2.1. Introduction, 252.2.2. Amino Acids and Proteins, 262.2.3. Carbohydrates: Mono- and Polysaccharides, 342.2.4. Lipids, Fats, and Steroids, 382.2.5. Nucleic Acids, RNA, and DNA, 40</p><p>2.3. Cell Nutrients 462.3.1. Introduction, 462.3.2. Macronutrients, 492.3.3. Micronutrients, 502.3.4. Growth Media, 52</p><p>2.4. Summary 53Suggestions for Further Reading 54Problems 54</p><p>3.1. Introduction 573.2. How Enzymes Work 583.3. Enzyme Kinetics 60</p><p>3.3.1. Introduction, 603.3.2. Mechanistic Models for Simple Enzyme Kinetics, 613.3.3. Experimentally Determining Rate Parameters</p><p>for Michaelis-Menten Type Kinetics, 643.3.4. Models for More Complex Enzyme Kinetics, 673.3.5. Effects of pH and Temperature, 753.3.6. Insoluble Substrates, 78</p><p>3.4. Immobilized Enzyme Systems 793.4.1. Methods of Immobilization, 793.4.2. Diffusional Limitations in Immobilized Enzyme Systems, 843.4.3. Electrostatic and Steric Effects in Immobilized</p><p>Enzyme Systems, 913.5. Large-scale Production of Enzymes 913.6. Medical and Industrial Utilization of Enzymes 923.7. Summary 96Suggestions for Further Reading 97Problems 97</p><p>4.1. Introduction 1054.2. The Central Dogma 105</p></li><li><p>4.3. DNA Replication: Preserving and Propagating the CellularMessage 107</p><p>4.4. Transcription: Sending the Message 1104.5. Translation: Message to Product 113</p><p>4.5.1. Genetic Code: Universal Message, 1134.5.2. Translation: How the Machinery Works, 1134.5.3. Posttranslational Processing: Making the Product Useful, 115</p><p>4.6. Metabolic Regulation 1194.6.1. Genetic-level Control: Which Proteins Are Synthesized?, 1194.6.2. Metabolic Pathway Control, 123</p><p>4.7. How the Cell Senses Its Extracellular Environment 1244.7.1 Mechanisms to Transport Small Molecules across Cellular</p><p>Membranes, 1244.7.2. Role of Cell Receptors in Metabolism and Cellular</p><p>Differentiation, 1274.8. Summary 1284.9. Appendix: Examples of Regulation of Complex Pathways 129Suggestions for Further Reading 131Problems 131</p><p>5.1. Introduction 1335.2. Bioenergetics 1345.3. Glucose Metabolism: Glycolysis and the TCA Cycle 1375.4. Respiration 1415.5. Control Sites in Aerobic Glucose Metabolism 1425.6. Metabolism of Nitrogenous Compounds 1435.7. Nitrogen Fixation 1445.8. Metabolism of Hydrocarbons 1445.9. Overview of Biosynthesis 145</p><p>5.10. Overview of Anaerobic Metabolism 1485.11. Overview of Autotrophic Metabolism 1505.12. Summary 152Suggestions for Further Reading 154Problems 154</p><p>6.1.6.2.</p><p>Introduction 155Batch Growth 1566.2.1. Quantifying Cell Concentration, 1566.2.2. Growth Patterns and Kinetics in Batch Culture, 1606.2.3. How Environmental Conditions Affect Growth Kinetics, 1696.2.4. Heat Generation by Microbial Growth, 173Quantifying Growth Kinetics 175</p></li><li><p>6.3.1. Introduction, 1756.3.2. Using Unstructured Nonsegregated Models to Predict Specific</p><p>Growth Rate, 1766.3.3. Models for Transient Behavior, 1836.3.4. Cybernetic Models, 189</p><p>6.4. How Cells Grow in Continuous Culture 1896.4.1. Introduction, 1896.4.2. Some Specific Devices for Continuous Culture, 1906.4.3. The Ideal Chemostat, 1916.4.4. The Chemostat as a Tool, 1986.4.5. Deviations from Ideality, 198</p><p>6.5. Summary 199Suggestions for Further Reading 200Problems 200</p><p>7 STOICHIOMETRY OF MICROBIAL GROWTH AND PRODUCTFORMATION 207</p><p>7.1. Introduction 2077.2. Some Other Definitions 2077.3. Stoichiometric Calculations 209</p><p>7.3.1. Elemental Balances, 2097.3.2. Degree of Reduction, 211</p><p>7.4. Theoretical Predictions of Yield Coefficients 2157.5. Summary 216Suggestions for Further Reading 216Problems 216</p><p>8.1. Introduction 2198.2. Evolving Desirable Biochemical Activities through Mutation</p><p>and Selection 2198.2.1. How Mutations Occur, 2208.2.2. Selecting for Desirable Mutants, 221</p><p>8.3. Natural Mechanisms for Gene Transfer and Rearrangement 2258.3.1. Genetic Recombination, 2258.3.2. Transformation, 2278.3.3. Transduction, 2278.3.4. Episomes and Conjugation, 2288.3.5. Transposons: Internal Gene Transfer, 230</p><p>8.4. Genetically Engineering Cells 2308.4.1. Basic Elements of Genetic Engineering, 2308.4.2. Genetic Engineering of Higher Organisms, 235</p><p>8.5. Genomics 2368.5.1. Experimental Techniques, 237</p></li><li><p>8.5.2. Computational Techniques, 2408.6. Summary 241Suggestions for Further Reading 241Problems 242</p><p>9 OPERATING CONSIDERATIONS FOR BIOREACTORSFOR SUSPENSION AND IMMOBILIZED CULTURES</p><p>9.1. Introduction 2459.2. Choosing the Cultivation Method 2469.3. Modifying Batch and Continuous Reactors 248</p><p>9.3.1. Chemostat with Recycle, 2489.3.2. Multistage Chemostat Systems, 2509.3.3. Fed-batch Operation, 2569.3.4. Perfusion Systems, 262</p><p>9.4. Immobolized Cell Systems 2639.4.1. Introduction, 2639.4.2. Active Immobilization of Cells, 2639.4.3. Passive Immobilization: Biological Films, 2669.4.4. Diffusional Limitations in Immobilized Cell Systems, 2689.4.5. Bioreactor Considerations in Immobilized Cell</p><p>Systems, 2739.5. Solid-state Fermentations 2769.6. Summary 278Suggestions for Further Reading 280Problems 280</p><p>10 SELECTION, SCALE-UP, OPERATION, AND CONTROLOF BIOREACTORS</p><p>10.1.10.2.</p><p>Introduction 285Scale-up and Its Difficulties 28610.2.1. Introduction, 28610.2.2. Overview of Reactor Types, 28610.2.3. Some Considerations on Aeration, Agitation, and Heat</p><p>Transfer, 29210.2.4. Scale-up, 29710.2.5. Scale-down, 301Bioreactor Instrumentation and Control 30710.3.1. Introduction, 30710.3.2. Instrumentation for Measurements of Active</p><p>Fermentation, 30710.3.3. Using the Information Obtained, 3/1</p></li><li><p>lOA. Sterilization of Process Fluids 31410.4.1. Introduction and the Kinetics of Death, 31410.4.2. Sterilization of Liquids, 31510.4.3. Sterilization of Gases, 320</p><p>10.5. Summary 323Suggestions for Further Reading 324Problems 325</p><p>Strategies to Recover and Purify Products 329Separation of Insoluble Products 33111.2.1. Filtration, 33211.2.2. Centrifugation, 33611.2.3. Coagulation and Flocculation, 340</p><p>Cell Disruption 34111.3.1. Mechanical Methods, 34111.3.2. Nonmechanical Methods, 342</p><p>Separation of Soluble Products 34311.4.1. Liquid-Liquid Extraction, 34311.4.2. Aqueous Two-phase Extraction, 34811.4.3. Precipitation, 34911.4.4. Adsorption, 35111.4.5. Dialysis, 35511.4.6. Reverse Osmosis, 35611.4.7. Ultrafiltration and Microfiltration, 35811.4.8. Cross-flow Ultrafiltration and Microfiltration, 36011.4.9. Chromatography, 365</p><p>11.4.10. Electrophoresis, 37511.4.11. Electrodialysis, 376Finishing Steps for Purification 37811.5.1. Crystallization, 37811.5.2. Drying, 378</p><p>11.6. Integration of Reaction and Separation 37911.7. Summary 380Suggestions for Further Reading 381Problems 382</p><p>11.1.11.2.</p><p>12 BIOPROCESS CONSIDERATIONS IN USING ANIMALCELL CULTURES</p><p>12.1.12.2.</p><p>Structure and Biochemistry of Animal Cells 385Methods Used for the Cultivation of Animal Cells 387</p></li><li><p>12.3. Bioreactor Considerations for Animal Cell Culture 39612.4. Products of Animal Cell Cultures 400</p><p>12.4.1. Monoclonal Antibodies, 40012.4.2. Immunobiological Regulators, 40112.4.3. Virus Vaccines, 40112.4.4. Hormones, 40112.4.5. Enzymes, 40112.4.6. Insecticides, 40212.4.7. Whole Cells and Tissue Culture, 402</p><p>12.5. Summary 402Suggestions for Further Reading 403Problems 403</p><p>13 BIOPROCESS CONSIDERATIONS IN USING PLANTCELL CULTURES 405</p><p>Why Plant Cell Cultures? 405Plant Cells in Culture Compared to Microbes 407Bioreactor Considerations 41113.3.1. Bioreactors for Suspension Cultures, 41113.3.2. Reactors Using Cell Immobilization, 41313.3.3. Bioreactorsfor Organized Tissues, 414</p><p>13.4. Economics of Plant Cell Tissue Cultures 41713.5. Summary 417Suggestions for Further Reading 418Problems 418</p><p>13.1.13.2.13.3.</p><p>14.1.14.2.14.3.</p><p>Introduction 421How the Product Influences Process Decisions 421Guidelines for Choosing Host-Vector Systems 42414.3.1. Overview, 42414.3.2. Escherichia colj, 42414.3.3. Gram-positive Bacteria, 42614.3.4. Lower Eucaryotic Cells, 42714.3.5. Mammalian Cells, 42814.3.6. Insect Cell-Baculovirus System, 42914.3.7. Transgenic Animals, 43014.3.8. Transgenic Plants and Plant Cell Culture, 43214.3.9. Comparison of Strategies, 432Process Constraints: Genetic Instability 43314.4.1. Segregational Loss, 43414.4.2. Plasmid Structural Instability, 43614.4.3. Host Cell Mutations, 43614.4.4. Growth-rate-dominated Instability, 437</p></li><li><p>14.5. Considerations in Plasmid Design to Avoid Process Problems 43814.6. Predicting Host-Vector Interactions and Genetic Instability 44114.7. Regulatory Constraints on Genetic Processes 45114.8. Metabolic Engineering 45214.9. Protein Engineering 45614.10. Summary 457Suggestions for Further Reading 458Problems 460</p><p>Introduction 463Tissue Engineering 46315.2.1. What Is Tissue Engineering?, 46315.2.2. Commercial Tissue Culture Processes, 465Gene Therapy Using Viral Vectors 46715.3.1. Models of Viral Infection, 46715.3.2. Mass Production of Retrovirus, 470Bioreactors 47115.4.1. Stem Cells and Hematopoiesis, 47115.4.2. Extracorporeal Artificial Liver, 472</p><p>15.5. Summary 473Suggestions for Further Reading 473Problems 473</p><p>15.1.15.2.</p><p>Introduction 475Major Classes of Interactions in Mixed Cultures 476Simple Models Describing Mixed-culture Interactions 479Mixed Cultures in Nature 485Industrial Utilization of Mixed Cultures 487Biological Waste Treatment: An Example of the IndustrialUtilization of Mixed Cultures 48816.6.1. Overview, 48816.6.2. Biological Waste Treatment Processes, 49116.6.3. Advanced Waste-water Treatment Systems, 50116.6.4. Conversion of Waste Water to Useful Products, 506</p><p>16.7. Summary 508Suggestions for Further Reading 508Problems 509</p><p>16.1.16.2.16.3.16.4.16.5.16.6.</p></li><li><p>A. I. Anaerobic Bioprocesses 515A.1.1. Ethanol Production, 515A.1.2. Lactic Acid Production, 519A. 1.3. Acetone-Butanol Production, 521</p><p>A.2. Aerobic Processes 524A.2.1. Citric Acid Production, 524A.2.2. Production of Bakers' Yeast, 526A.2.3. Production of Penicillins, 527A.2A. Production of High-Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS), 530</p><p>Suggestions for Further Reading 533</p></li></ul>
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- By James B. Riggs, M. Nazmul Karim
- Published Dec 29, 2007 by Prentice Hall.
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Description
- Copyright 2008
- Edition: 3rd
- Book
- ISBN-10: 0-13-713798-2
- ISBN-13: 978-0-13-713798-5
Key features:
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- Industrially relevant approach to chemical and bio-process control
- Fully revised edition with substantial enhancements to the theoretical coverage of the subject
- Increased number and variety of examples
- Extensively revised homework problems with degree-of-diffi culty rating added
- Expanded and enhanced chapter on model predictive control
- Self-assessment questions and problems at the end of most sections with answers listed in the appendix
- Bio-process control coverage:
- Background and history of bio-processing and bio-process control added to the introductory chapter
- Discussion and analysis of the primary bio-sensors used in bio-tech industries added to the chapter on control loop hardware
- Signifi cant proportion of examples and homework problems in the text deal with bio-processes
- Section on troubleshooting bio-process control systems included
- Bio-related process models added to the modeling chapter
- Supplemental material:
- Visual basic simulator of process models developed in text
- Solutions manual
- Set of PowerPoint lecture slides
- Collection of process control exams
Chemical And Bioprocess Control Riggs Solution Manual
All supplemental material can be found at www.che.ttu.edu/pcoc/software
Sample Content
Table of Contents
PART I: INTRODUCTION
Chapter1: Introduction 3
1.1 Chemical and Bio-Process Control; 1.2 Everyday Examples of Process Control; 1.3 Control Diagrams and P&IDs; 1.4 Industrial Process Control Examples; 1.5 Block Diagram of a General Feedback Control System; 1.6 Types of Controllers; 1.7 Responsibilities of a Chemical Process Control Engineer; 1.8 Operator Acceptance; 1.9 Process Control and Process Optimization; 1.10 Summary
Chapter: 2 Control Loop Hardware 35
2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Control Systems; 2.3 Actuator Systems (Final Control Elements); 2.4 Sensor Systems; 2.5 Summary
PART II: PROCESS DYNAMICS
Chapter 3: Dynamic Modeling 87
3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Uses of Dynamic Models; 3.3 Classification of Phenomenological Models; 3.4 Dynamic Balance Equations; 3.5 Modeling Examples; 3.6 Sensor Noise; 3.7 Numerical Integration of ODEs; 3.8 Summary
Chapter 4: Laplace Transforms 133
4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Laplace Transforms; 4.3 Laplace Transform Solutions of Linear Differential Equations; 4.4 Individual Real Poles; 4.5 Repeated Real Poles; 4.6 Complex Poles; 4.7 Summary
Chapter 5: Transfer Functions 157
5.1 Introduction; 5.2 General Characteristics of Transfer Functions; 5.3 Poles of a Transfer Function; 5.4 Stability Analysis Using the Routh Array; 5.5 Zeros of a Transfer Function; 5.6 Block Diagrams using Transfer Functions; 5.7 Linearization of Nonlinear Differential Equations; 5.8 State Space Models; 5.9 Transfer Functions from State Space Models; 5.10 Summary
Chemical And Bioprocess Control Pdf Documents Free
Chapter 6: Dynamic Behavior of Ideal Systems 201
6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Idealized Process Inputs; 6.3 First-Order Processes; 6.4 Second-Order Processes; 6.5 Integrating Processes; 6.6 High-Order Processes; 6.7 Deadtime; 6.8 First Order Plus Deadtime (FOPDT) Model; 6.9 Inverse-Acting Processes; 6.10 Lead-Lag Element; 6.11 Recycle Processes; 6.12 Summary
PART III: PID CONTROL
Chapter 7: PID Control 235
7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Closed-Loop Transfer Functions; 7.3 Analysis of P, I, and D Action; 7.4 Position Forms of the PID Algorithm; 7.5 Velocity Forms of the PID Algorithm; 7.6 Interactive Form of the PID Controller; 7.7 Direct- and Reverse-Acting Controllers; 7.8 Filtering of Sensor Measurements; 7.9 Controller Design Issues; 7.10 Commonly Encountered Control Loops; 7.11 Summary
Chapter 8: PID Controller Tuning 279
8.1 Introduction; 8.2 Effect of Tuning Parameters on P-only Control; 8.3 Effect of Tuning Parameters on PI Control; 8.4 Effect of Tuning Parameters on PID Control; 8.5 Summary
Chapter 9: PID Controller Tuning 297
9.1 Introduction; 9.2 Tuning Criteria and Performance Assessment; 9.3 Classical Tuning Methods; 9.4 Controller Tuning by Pole Placement; 9.5 PID Tuning Based on Internal Model Control (IMC); 9.6 Controller Reliability; 9.7 Selection of Tuning Criterion; 9.8 Tuning the Filter on Sensor Readings; 9.9 Recommended Approach to Controller Tuning; 9.10 Tuning Fast-Responding Control Loops; 9.11 Tuning Slow-Responding Control Loops; 9.12 PID Tuning; 9.13 Tuning Level Controllers; 9.14 Control Interval; 9.15 Summary
Chapter 10: Troubleshooting Control Loops 343
10.1 Introduction; 10.2 Overall Approach to Troubleshooting; 10.3 Troubleshooting Control Loop in the CPI; 10.4 Troubleshooting Control Loop for Bio-Processes; 10.5 Summary
Chapter 11: Frequency Response Analysis 359
11.1 Introduction; 11.2 Bode Plot; 11.3 Bode Stability Criterion, Gain Margin and Phase Margin; 11.4 Pulse Tests; 11.5 Nyquist Diagrams; 11.6 Closed-Loop Frequency Response; 11.7 Summary
PART IV: ADVANCED PID CONTROL
Chapter 12: Cascade, Ratio, and Feedforward Control 381
12.1 Introduction; 12.2 Cascade Control; 12.3 Ratio Control; 12.4 Feedforward Control; 12.5 Summary
(Acquired Mar 18, 2004) Subject Category: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE Document Type: Conference Paper Meeting Information: Boeing Technical Excellence Conference; 24 Feb. Peter russell life expectancy.
Chapter 13: PID Enhancements 409
13.1 Introduction; 13.2 Inferential Control; 13.3 Scheduling Controller Tuning; 13.4 Override/Select Control; 13.5 Computed Manipulated Variable Control; 13.6 Summary
Chapter 14: PID Implementation Issues 431
14.1 Introduction; 14.2 Anti-windup Strategies; 14.3 Bumpless Transfer; 14.4 Split-Range Control; 14.5 Summary
PART V: CONTROL OF MIMO PROCESSES
Chapter 15: PID Controllers Applied to MIMO Systems 441
15.1 Introduction; 15.2 SISO Controllers and (c, y) Pairings; 15.3 Steady-State Coupling; 15.4 Dynamic Factors in Configuration Selection; 15.5 Sensitivity to Disturbances; 15.6 Tuning Decentralized Controllers; 15.7 Decouplers; 15.8 Summary
Chapter 16: Model Predictive Controller 461
16.1 Introduction; 16.2 Step Response Models (SRMs); 16.3 The Dynamic Matrix; 16.4 Moving Horizon Controller; 16.5 Prediction Vector; 16.6 DMC Controller; 16.7 Extension to MIMO Processes; 16.8 Application of DMC for Constraint Control; 16.9 Combining an LP with DMC; 16.10 DMC Model Identification; 16.11 Organization of an Industrial MPC Application Project; 16.12 Summary
Chemical And Bioprocess Control Riggs
Chapter 17: Multi-Unit Controller Design 491
17.1 Introduction; 17.2 Approach; 17.3 Distillation Column; 17.4 Recycle Reactor Process; 17.5 Summary
Chapter 18: Case Studies 505
18.1 Introduction; 18.2 Heat Exchanger Control; 18.3 CSTR Temperature Control; 18.4 Distillation Control; 18.5 pH Control; 18.6 Summary
Appendix A: Answers to Self-Assessment Questions and Problems 539
Appendix B: Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams 559
Appendix C: Pseudo-Random Number Generator 563
Appendix D: Signal Filtering 565
Chemical And Bioprocess Control Pdf Documents Pdf
Index 569
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